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The window was broken.
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PAST¡ÊBREAK [someone, window, with something] ¡Ë
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(b) The event was complex event;
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(c) It consisted of the following parts:
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An action, break, which occurred between:
¡¡¡Ö³ä¤ë¡×¤È¤¤¤¦¹Ô°Ù¤¬°Ê²¼¤Î»°¼Ô¤Î´Ö¤ÇȯÀ¸¤·¤¿¡£

a. ¼çÂΡÊThe agent¡Ë
¡Ýsome person or thing doing the breaking, here represented by somone, and
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b. ÂоݡÊThe object¡Ë
¡Ýsome person or thing being broken, here represented by the window, and
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c. ¼êÃÊ¡ÊThe instrument¡Ë
¡Ýthe thing used to do the breaking, here represented by with something.
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¡Ê¥ß¥ë¥È¥ó¡¦¥¨¥ê¥¯¥½¥ó¤ÎºÅ̲¥Æ¥¯¥Ë¥Ã¥¯­µ[¸À¸ì¥Ñ¥¿¡¼¥óÊÔ]p.6-9¤è¤ê¡Ë

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To this date, the most thoroughly studied and best understood of the human representational systems (models) is natural language. Transformational grammaris explicit, formal, and the most complete model of human language systems.Transformational grammarians have extracted some of the patterns of thisrepresentational system which are common to all languages. Therefore, transformational grammar is a Meta-model; that is, a model of model, or a model of language.

Transformational grammarians have built an explicit representation of theintuitions which people demonstrate when communicating and understanding naturallanguage. For example, each sentence of every natural language has two distinctrepresentations: the representation of the way it actually sounds (or, if written,by the way it actually appears) called the Surface Structure, and the representation of its meaning without our conscious awareness. which is called the Deep Structure. When a person utters the sentence:


The window was broken.

 

The Surface Structure is the representation of the actual sounds made by the person speaking or, in the case of a written representation, the words written outabove. In addition to this representation, this sentence is associated withanother representation which is the meaning it has ¡Ý Deep Structure. In this case, the DeepStructure can be represented as:

 

PAST (BREAK [someone, window, withsomething])

 

This Deep Structure representation is designed to capture the intuitions which eachof us have as native speakers of English when we hear the Surface Structure presented above. We understand that:

 

(a) Some event occurred in the past;

(b) The event was a complex event;

(c) It consisted of the following parts:

 

Anaction, break, which occurred between:


a.The agent
¡Ýsome person or thingdoing the breaking, here represented by someone, and


b.The object
¡Ýsome person or thingbeing broken, here represented by the window, and


c.The instrument
¡Ýthe thing used to do the breaking, here represented by with something.

 

Noticethat, even though not all of the parts of the Deep Structure represented appearin the Surface Structure (in this case the agent and the instrument are not represented in the Surface Structure), the native speaker of English has that information available in his understanding of the sentence. The statement The window wasbroken implies to native speakers that not only was the window broken but someone or something had to break the window with something. The waysin which Surface Structures can differ from their associated Deep Structure meanings is the research domain of transformational linguists. They have postulateda series of formal mapping operations called transformations which preciselyspecify how Deep and Surface Structures may differ. The entire process which links a Deep Structure to its Surface Structure(s) is called derivation (see page 10).

 

Explicit, formal models of each Surface Structure¡ÝDeep Structure relationship can be made on the above model. (Youmust make this important distinction in order to understand the unconscious processing of language that occurs in hypnosis.) Transformational linguists,therefore, have taken an incredibly complex area of human behavior and built aformal model of it which explicitly represents the rules of behavior which are intuitively demonstrated, although not consciously understood, by native speakers of that language.

 

The authors (Bandler/Grinder) have used the approach of formalizing intuitions tobuild an explicit, formal model of the language exchange in psychotherapy. Whatwe did was to create a formal representation of the intuitions which effective therapists from every school of psychotherapy use in their work, although theyare not necessarily conscious of it. (This Meta-model of therapy is fully explained in 'The Structure of Magic I'.)

 

We used our formalization techniques to explore and understand the other representational systems used by human beings to organize and create models oftheir experience. These kinesthetic, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatorymaps of experience were then used as a basis to expand our model of therapy.The results were both fascinating and useful.

¡ÊPatterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Volume­µ, p.6-9¡Ë










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The Map Is Not the Territory


In the authors' experience, people who use hypnosis for medical, dental, or psychotherapeutic purposes seem more than any other single group to understand that we, as human beings, do not operate behaviorally 'directly' upon the world, but rather we operate through a map or model (a created representation) of what we 'believe' theworld to be. A thorough understanding of how people in general, and each clientin particular, create a representation of the world in which they live willyield the practitioner of hypnosis many advantages. Among these will be greater speed in trance induction, more success with a greater number of subjects, anddeeper trances. For additional study of the processes by which people create models of the world, were commend 'The Structure of MagicI and II'.

For our purposes here, we wish now to provide you with only a basic model of the processes by which people create models of the world.

First, the models that we as humans create will differ from the world of reality in three major ways. Some parts of our experience will be deleted, not represented in our model. This is both a necessary and sometimes impoverishing aspect of our modeling processes. If we tried to represent every piece of sensory input, we would be overwhelmed with data. However, when we fail to represent an important or vitala spect, the results can be devastating. In anyevent, we do delete parts of our experience when creating models of the world.These deletions, and all of the processes of modeling, go on all the time and, for the most part, without our conscious awareness.

The second way in which our model of the world will be different from the world itself is through distortions. Distortion is a modeling process which allows us to make shifts in ourexperience of sensory data. For example, we can fantasize a green cow, eventhough we have never experienced one with our senses, We can distort our experience and plan the future by imagining that it is now. This modeling process can be an asset or a liability, depending upon how it is used.

The third process of modeling is generalization. This is the process by which one element of our model of the world comes to represent an entire category of which it is only an example. This allows us to know that when weread a book, by moving our eves from left to right, we will be able to extractthe content. When we are confronted with a door just like any other door, even though we have not seen this particular door before, we make the assumption itwill open by the same process we have used before. Generalizations in our modelof the world allow us to operate more efficiently from context to context. Generalizational so allows us to keep recoding our experiences at higher levels of patterning.This makes possible the advances in knowledge and technology ¡Ý in all areas of human functioning. 
¡ÊPatterns of the Hypnotic Techniques of Milton H. Erickson, M.D. Volume­µ, p.7-8¡Ë

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We found, first of all, that most people have a mosthighly valued representational system, one that they use more than other toorganize their experience, and that this most highly valued system can be identifiedquickly by listening to the predicates (adjectives, adverbs, verbs) used inanyone's speech.

For example, a person with a most highly valued representational system which is visual will describe his experience with predicates whichpresuppose a visual system such as: I see what you are saying, clearly, looking at thiswork will show you how to improve your work, Imagine how this appears to bedull reading.

People whose most highly valued representational system is kinesthetic will use predicates which presuppose kinesthetic representations. For example, I want you firmly to graspthis concept; I feel you can overcome some bard problems; Can you get in touchwith, and geta bandle on, what this means.

A person whose primaryrepresentational system is auditory will use predicates which presupposeauditory representations. For example, he will say, Sounds interesting to me; Iwill talk to you later; I will be hearing from him soon; so in other words wewill all get together and be sounding boards for these ideas.

We also found that those therapists and hypnotists who were most effective in their work had a systematic, though not always conscious, way of utilizing a client's most highly valued representational system. Understanding how a client organizeshis experience in terms of these representational systems has great rewards for both the psychotherapist and the practitioner of hypnosis.

We make a distinction in our formalization of these patterns of behavior between input channels, representational systems, and output channels. A person can hear (input) words, make a picture (representational system), and express it bypounding his fist (output channel). (The formal model of this aspect of behavior is the substance of The Structure of Magic II, which you should read if you wish further study.)

It is enough to say at this point that each of us as human beings creates models of the world which differ from the world. Each of us creates a model of the world which is different from every other person's model of the world. Furthermore, formal models ¡Ý Meta-models ¡Ý can be built which represent the patterns of modeling which are at work when we as humans create these maps. Meta-models can be built which represent the rules, whether conscious or unconscious, governing how therapists and hypnotists work with these modeling principles. 

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The Structure of Magic: A Book About Language and Therapy
Richard Bandler
John Grinder
Science and Behavior Books, Inc.
1975-06-01





The Structure of Magic II: A Book About Communication and Change (Structure of Magic)
Richard Bandler
John Grinder
Science and Behavior Books, Inc.
1975-08-01


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John Grinder
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Meta Publications Inc.
1996-07-01


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John Grinder
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Meta Publications Inc.
1997-06-01


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