カントの立場が、ヒュームが論じ損ねた知覚の差異という同じ問題に関して、同様に魅力的でない結果に至ることに注目してください。カントも同じように知覚の差異を説明できないか、あるいはそれを生得的カテゴリーの神経学的発達の欠陥のせいにするしかありません。いずれにせよグレゴリー・ベイトソンは「粗雑な認識論だ!」と評したことでしょう。
これらの認識論的立場は、いずれも二つの点でかなり不十分です。一点目としては、どちらの場合も個人の責任がほとんど考慮されていません。現実世界が刺激という物理的な特性に応じて個人の神経系に特定の感覚を刻み込む場合、あるいは刺激感覚を生得的な知覚カテゴリーの関数としてのみ経験する場合、個人の責任という問題は無意味になります。
二点目としては、これらの立場は心身二元論に関して矛盾します。ヒューム派は感覚に基づく経験のみを扱うとして非難される一方、カント派は(個人の)神経系に閉じ込められて身動きが取れなくなります。ヒュームと経験論者は感覚に基づく世界から自らを解放させるという課題を抱え、一方、カントと観念論者は精神的なカテゴリー(範疇)に囚われ、現実世界へ回帰する道を模索しています。精神疾患患者と専門的に関わった経験を持つ方は、これらの二つの立場が精神疾患の患者グループに特徴的な症状であることに気づくことでしょう。従って、心と体の問題に関しては、経験論者はもっぱら物理世界におけるパターン化で間に合わせなければならず(心理学は物理学に吸収されます)、一方、観念論者は最初の立場、すなわちマインドから世界へのあらゆるつながりをもし証明できるのであれば、どうしてそれがわかるのかを正当化するために戦わなければなりません。実際、物理世界との繋ぎ留めから解放された唯心論的立場は、歴史的に見て心霊主義の方向へ流れていく傾向があります。
以上が、ベイトソンの扱っていた一般的な知的背景です。その鍵は、経験論者と観念論者という両極で明らかに過剰な二つの立場を統合することにありました。ベイトソンはイギリスで生まれたという偶然から、経験論的伝統から出発し、それを再調整する方法を模索するという傾向がありました。19世紀と20世紀において、卓越した成功を収めた物理科学からの心理学に対する方法論的な誘惑は、論理タイプと論理レベルのエラーを引き起こす驚くべき規模の混乱であり、歴史的な悲劇であることを彼は深く理解していました。しかし彼の課題は、物理的で感覚的な世界のパターンと精神世界のパターンとの間には根本的な違いがあることを、神秘主義に陥ることなく証明することでした。
(ニューコードNLPの原点「個人的な天才になるための必要条件」p.18-20)
On the other pole in this
controversy was Kant who bit off a lot more than was either chewable or
digestable. The famous Kantian solution was to assign to each human being a set
of innate, genetically specified categories through which we experience the worldーwhat
we call in the following documentーperceptual filters. Kant certainly recognizes
with his innate categories of perception a tremendous contribution to
experience on the part of the human beings involved. Unfortunately, however,
the cost is exorbitantーif our experiences are the results of deeply set innate
filters independent of the real world, our ability to know the world starts to
deterioriate rapidly and the world begins to get rather slippery.
It is amusing to note that Kant's
position settles into an equally unattractive consequence at the individual
level with respect to same difference of perception issue Hume failed on.
Either Kant similarly cannot account for differences in perception or must
assign them to faulty neurological developments of the innate categories. In
either case, we believe Bateson would have commented "shoddy epistemology!"
There are two points on which both
of these epistemological positions are quite unsatisfactory. First, note that
in both cases, there is little room for individual responsibility. If the real
world impresses certain sensations on the individual neurology as a function of
the physical properties of the stimulus or if we experience the stimulus
sensations solely as a function of innate perceptual categories, the question
of personal responsibility is moot.
The second point is the way these
positions fall out with respect to the mindーbody split. Hume and his troop are
condemned to wander about entertaining all and only experiences which are sensory based while Kant and his band sit immobilized, locked into their
(individual) neurologies. Hume and the empericist have the task of freeing
themselves from the tyranny of an exclusively sensory world while Kant and his
idealists, trapped in mental categories, try to find a way back out to the real
world. Those readers who have had experience working professionally with mental
patients will recognize these two positions as characteristic syndromes of
patient popu- lations. Thus with respect to the mindーbody issue, the
empiricists have to make do with patterning exclusively in the physical worldーpsychology collapses into physicsーwhile the idealists must fight for and
justify each and every link from starting positionーthe mindーto the world if
any such connections can be demonstrated (How would we know?)ーin fact, the
mentalist position, unburdened with any anchor to the physical world tends
historically to float off in the direction of spiritualism.
Thus we have the general intellectual climate which Bateson was addressing. The trick was to synthesize the two polar and obviously overdrawn positions of empiricist and idealist. By accident of his birth, he tended to start with the empiricist tradition and find ways of rebalancing it. He knew in a very deep way that the 19th and 20th century methodological seduction of psychology by the preeminently successful physical sciences was an historical tragedyーa muddledness of astonishing proportionsーan error of both logical typing and logical level. Yet, his task was to demonstrate that there are fundamental differences between the patterns of the physical, sensible world and the patterns of the world of the mind without falling into mysticism. He argued this point in a number of ways. He was, for example, quite intolerant of the fuzzy kind of thinking characteristic of the uncritical importation into discussions of mind of the physical phenomonen energy. If billiard ball A strikes billiard ball B with a certain velocity, mass and angle of impact and the frictional characteristics of the surface they are both supported by are specified, then certain things are knowable.
(TURTLES ALL THE WAY DOWN: Prerequisites to Personal Genius: PREFACE p.10-12)




















































































